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The Origin of Agriculture: The Importance of Environmental Change
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A 5 page review of two articles that investigate the importance of climatic change induced by the Younger Dryas in Southwest Asia. While these articles suggest that climate might be the only factor that was important in the origin of agriculture, the author of this paper contends that there is typically no one answer in archaeology. Nor is there one methodology or technique that is always superior to another in the acquisition of such answers. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPagOrgn.rtf

The Origins and Distinctions of First Cities from Settlements
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This is a 15 page paper discussing the origin and distinction of the first cities from communities. There are certain elements which distinguish a settlement from a city and it is the discovery of these elements during excavations of ancient sites that anthropologists and sociologists can determine the timeline of the development of cities from communities. The size of the center does not seem to relate to whether the inhabitants lived in a city or a community, but rather it is the structure of the center than matters. Cities differentiate from communities in that they have centralized structures which indicate that they had a central political system for organization. Another important aspect of cities is that they are distinct in the consistency of the type and materials used in the architecture which indicates that the same group of people, specialists and artisans, constructed the buildings which would indicate the presence of a division of labor. Socially, theories of the formation of cities range from the need for a centralized religious, political or authoritarian group or the need for the organization of irrigation in regards to the betterment of the agricultural society. Regardless of their structure and their development cities are also known to be more “organic” in that the people who would not always agree socially or religiously still worked as a whole for the necessity of need for the works and labors of others. Communities were considered more naturally “mechanical” as the people worked together as a whole and remained together because of family or kinship ties in addition to having the same beliefs, rituals and symbols. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TJcitys1.rtf

The Outrigger Canoe and Its Importance to the Peoples of the Marshall Islands
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A 6 page overview of this technological marvel. The author of this paper describes these canoes and notes their importance to Pacific Island culture. Its construction was a community affair, one involving many coordinated man hours. It pulled the people together and it played a large role in the way they interacted in their world. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPcanoeM.rtf

The Phylogenetic Relationships of African Hominids: The Cladistic Verses the Molecular Data Approach
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A 10 page overview of the manner in which phylogenetic relationships are determined. This paper given an outline of both the cladistic approach and the molecular data approach, emphasizing that each has their place in establishing the phylogeny of African hominids. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPphylo2.rtf

The Piltdown Man Hoax
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This 5 page paper examines this well known hoax. Information about the hoax and what it means to science is noted. Also discussed is the mystery surrounding the hoax. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: SA508PMH.rtf

The Politics of Tourism
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This 5 page paper takes a look at tourism and how politics and other factors affect what tourists see. Several examples are provided and an anthropological view is taken. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: SA202pol.rtf

The Pre-Columbian Civilizations of the Maya and the Inca
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This is a 5 page paper about the Maya and Inca civilizations and some of their similarities and differences. The Maya and Inca were both prominent civilizations which existed in the pre-Columbian period in Meso and South America. Both civilizations had elaborately designed cities and agricultural systems. The Inca in addition had also built a large road system and terracing system to maintain their population while the Maya are also known for their well developed writing system. Both civilizations also developed highly accurate calendars to aid in their yearly rituals and lives. The Inca worshiped the Sun god over all and their kings were said to be descended from this god while the Maya religion was based more on universal acceptances and had many gods. Politically, the Inca had a much more diverse political system which was dependent upon trade and the acceptance of many independently run cities which all served under the “Inca”. The Maya although based over a large area were a much more synchronized group and trade was based on agriculture and operated largely within the large urban centers. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TJMayaI1.rtf

The Presidio: The Existing State of Archaeological Investigation at this San Franciscan Site
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A 6 page outline of the history and potential of this 1500 acre site. Active military post for some 220 years, this site has tremendous potential in terms of archaeological investigation. The potential exists for prehistoric archaeologists as well yet neither aspects has been sufficiently explored. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPprsdio.rtf

The Process of Mummification: A Critical Component of Ancient Egyptian Culture
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An 18 page discussion of the religious beliefs of ancient Egyptian's belief. These beliefs revolved around the concept of an afterlife, an afterlife which in order for the soul to recognize the body required mummification of the mortal remains so that they were discernibly human. Provides an overview of Egyptian belief, preparation for the afterlife, rituals instructing the dead, the tombs, and ceremonies as well as details on the process of mummification itself. Quotes contemporary scholars as well as the writings of Diodorus and Herodotus who provide two separate descriptions of the mummification process. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPegyMum.wps

THE RELATION BETWEEN SOCIOCULTURAL BEHAVIOR AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
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This 5 page paper discusses the socio-cultural behavior that one might view in a hypothetical laundry mat in the inner city. Examples given. Bibliographpy lists 6 sources.
Filename: MBlndry.rtf

The Rise and Fall of the Early Egyptian Hyksos and Their Importance in Egyptian History
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A 10 page overview of the entry of the Asiatic peoples known as the Hyksos into Egypt, their contributions to Egyptian history and technology, and their defeat at the hands of Kamose, his younger brother Ahmose, and their father Seqenenre, a Theban king. Emphasizes that while the Hyksos reign is often characterized as being one of hardship and cruelty, these peoples offered tremendous technological advancements to Egypt. These advancements, in part, included the horse and chariot, the introduction of copper and bronze, an improved version of the battle ax, and even the compound bow. Comments on Hyksos material culture and their similarities to ancient Egyptian/Mesopotamian cultures in general. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPegyHyk.rtf

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